Dental Treatment Planning For Patients Using Cannabis

Dental Treatment Planning Considerations in Patients Using Cannabis Sarah E. Grafton1, Alexandre R Vieira2 1. Department of Comprehensive Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine 2. Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine ABSTRACT Background and Overview. There is a deficit in clinical research on the potential risks involved in treating dental patients using cannabis, either for medicinal or recreational purposes. The aim of this case report is to illustrate the wide variety of available cannabis options and their potential impacts on dental treatment. Case Description. A 27-year-old African American male presented to the dental clinic with nonrestorable molar requiring extraction. During the review of his medical history, the patient reported taking a â€Å"dab† of marijuana approximately five hours prior to his appointment. Due to the admission of recent illicit drug use, no treatment was rendered. The patient was offered an appointment the next day but refused citing the bias in regard to cannabis use. Conclusions and Practical Implications. The number of Americans using marijuana is rising rapidly. Pending legalization in most states will require dentists to address the possible effects of this increase on dental practices. It is imperative dental providers make clinical decisions based upon scientific evidence regarding the pharmacological and psychological effects of cannabis, not on the societal stigma

Disproportionate Minority Contact ( Dmc ) Is A Phenomenon...

Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) is a phenomenon that occurs within the criminal justice system. DMC is exhibited through the high percentages of minority contact statistically when compared to predictions that are based on the minority populations within certain communities. DMC is even prevalent in the juvenile justice system that has been created here in America. Disproportionate minority contact is a national, state and local issue that has been discussed for years. The government has made many futile attempts to combat DMC through the creation of amendments, policies and programs. However, the numbers of minority youth in the criminal justice and juvenile justice system remain to be quite staggering. In America minorities have been over represented as offenders in the criminal justice system for years. DMC that is prevalent in the criminal justice and juvenile justice system is one that was discovered and has been discussed for decades. In 1988, over 20 years ago, the NCSJJAG reported that, â€Å"†¦disparate juvenile and criminal justice rates for minorities are not a new phenomenon.† (NCSJJAG, 1998), and unfortunately this phenomena still exists. In 2010, African Americans comprised 17% of all juveniles, but 31% of all arrests in America,† (Puzzanchera, 2013), and the disparities are also quite apparent in the Latinos. When one compares the rates of racial disparities to the rates of overall juvenile crime rates, the racial disparity rates have remained steadyShow MoreRelatedThe Disparities Among Minority Inmates in the American Prison System2239 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Disparities among Minority Inmates American Prison System Objective The objective of this study is to examine the disparities that exist among minority inmates in the American Prison System. Introduction The National Council on Crime and Delinquency reports that of all arrests that 28% of arrests, 40% of all inmates held in jails and prisons, and 42% of the population on death row is comprised by 13% of the general population in the United States, which is specifically that of African

Multicomponent Positive Psychology Intervention

Question: Discuss about the Multicomponent Positive Psychology Intervention. Answer: Introduction The topic underlying this deliberation relates to the deficiencies manifested in practice that has failed the powerful vast positivist research program. The main aim of this analysis is to review critically the article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research inscribed by Paul V Dunmore to showcase the impact of insufficiencies in practice in achieving the potential of the powerful wide-ranging positive accounting theory research program. The principal argument in this critique is that with adequate practice in positive accounting theory research program, the potential influential broad positivist research program will be unattainable (Christie 2007). It is contended that the present practice in positive in accounting appears infinitely unqualified of appreciating the scientific objectives. It is additionally argued that notwithstanding the inconsistencies in accounting practice, normal science as described by Kuhn avails an absolution and a background affixed on Kuhnian crisis along with insurgency as it is potential to unshackle positive accounting to accomplish its full probable. The critique takes the following structure to expansively capture the foremost argument declared overhead (Dillard and Vinnari 2017). The 1st subsection stretches the transitory summary of the article by focusing primarily on the foremost argument of this paper. This section will encompass of the articles aim, overal findings and theoretical argument along with contribution. The 2nd subsection digs bottomless into research question. This subcategory will principally ascertain the research question or hypothesis offered in the article. It will further discuss hypothesis or the research questions value as acknowledged and explain whether besides how such a hypothesis or research question run from the review of literature (Dunmore 2011). The 3rd sub-section specifies the articles theoretical framework whereby the acknowledgment and deliberation of such a framework is characterized or the theoretical substance of the article which informed the researchs aspect. The 4th subsection lengthily deliberates the articles limitation and significance. This section uses literature to discuss the inadequacies of the theory as well as the methodological approach adopted. It upholds whether the scholar has appreciated such faintness and whether the researcher has drawn deductions from the studies that are admissible by the methodological approach employed. This subsection also demonstrate whether the recognized deficits have affected both articles substance along with contribution in regards to the accounting discipline hinged on the authors findings established against the method of study. The final sub-section provides a brief supposition as well as recaps the crucial points and deducting implication for critique. The underlying article under this critique is the Paul V Dunmores Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. It essentially circumvents about the positive accounting theory research program as devised by Zimmerman and Watts. The claim was staked by the duo to the Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) for their given theory. The scholar pursued the scrutiny of the positive methodology to the accounting research. Paul observed positive accounting research as constituent of the wider intellectual project of scientific research that is poised to understand as well as comprehend the cause-effect correlation in the essential world of research. Paul has considered positive accounting in the broader viewpoint of study program which aims at developing causal clarification of the human behavior within accounting context (Roth, Suldo and Ferron 2017). Paul has further performed an analysis of epistemology alongside ontology of positivist accounting program. Numerous tests encompassing logic of statistical hypothesis whereas superficially equivalent to fabrication standard of Popper have further been recognized as inferior. Paul has further recognized that notwithstanding the comprehensive positivist research program being potentially powerful, the shortages in practice obstructs the apprehension of its jam-packed potential. The universal encounters impeding the program have as well been documented in the article plus theoretical models casual construction that needs testing as well as undue dependency on hypothesis testing the logic. Lack of interest in parameters numerical values and insufficient imitation to merit confidence in finding acceptance have as well been recognized as shared impediments. The use of theories as lenses for analyzing qualitative data rather than as clarifications for tests is an additional shared contest the program faces. Paul has also taken into account illustrations from pertinent and respectable articles for arguments justification. Paul also reviewed the wider knowledgeable project together with the ontological and epistemological axioms to understand the both the significance as well as inconsistencies of positive accounting study. The review exposed serious absences in the way that positive accounting study is accomplished that obstructs it from enacting meaningful contribution to the wide-ranging project (Kim et al. 2017). Paul held that as presently being practiced in accounting, positive research stays massively inept to attaining the scientific objectives. Nonetheless, Paul remains positive that Kuhns illumination of the normal science professionally fits the positive accounting research. The predictions of Kuhns narration are clarified in transitory on the basis of Kuhnian crisis and revolution. It is believed that such a crunch and insurgency is latent to unshackle the positive accounting thus attaining its full potential. Research Questions/Hypotheses Paul has employed numerous hypotheses together with research questions that and explained that he is never declaring their truth, but rather just exploratory for an enthusiastic postponement of incredulity to permit their corresponding discussion. Four hypotheses have been provided by Paul and developed impartially uncertainly, mindful that for numerous of human being, they could have remained imagined disgraceful and immoral and that apparently an inordinate percentage of humanity could endure to discern the same. The list of working hypotheses imagined in a watercourse of intelligent investigation by Paul is given below: A world that is self-sufficient of imagination of people exist that was never constituted by individuals and its events are not subject to the aspirations of people control It is practicable for normal folks to obtain fairly dependable information concerning the events of the world via cautious observation. This, however, does not imply that persons will never be mistaken when observing, but rather such annotations are not ever exclusively unrelated to such a world The intellectual enquiry devotes to use observations to achieve an understanding of this world, and exactly of causation. This implies that folks seek out mental models that precisely map the process of causal that happen in such a world The events of this world have causes that are independently component of the world which imply that neither fully random nor the results of the interventions from outside world How does positive accounting research applied currently in accounting practice? To what extent does the deficits in the positive accounting research implementation resulted in the ineffectiveness of PAT research program than predicted? Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework assumed by Paul evolves from a positivist viewpoint of a dissatisfied theoretical physicist whose accounting research vestiges positivist emphasizing either model testing or building (Watts and Zimmerman 2010). The disapprovals of the author, consequently, attached the standpoint of a person thinking that the research project is noteworthy, but disheartened by the incompetent and unproductive versions that are currently experienced in accounting. Paul utilizes this perception to impulse both editors along with referees to approve such actions to prod the present systems in the direction of the liberating positive accounting research to accomplish its jam-packed potential (Faff et al. 2017). Paul articles theoretical substance, therefore, builds on the acknowledgment from the literature review on auditing that serious shortages exist in the contemporary practice in accounting research thereby hampering PAT research program from making a substance influence to the wider project. This is meant to establishing positive accounting research as a well-established social system to donate to the project of scientific research (Fleischman et al. 2017). It is anchored on the realization that adopting findings of Kuhn (1970) study would be despondent to influence elites to cuddle a more than ever operative paradigm. The scholar additionally recognizes an amnesty offered by the data that emerged from Fogarty and Markarian (2007) which hinted at elites comparative stance being diminishing. Consequently, the Paul anticipated forthcoming future crisis and the opportunity for the assumption of a more than ever beneficial paradigm. Paul successively based his argument on providing proposals for actions by editors as well as referees to prod the present systems in the direction of liberating PAT research to hit its full potential. Paul is informed by the recognition that it is important to appreciate the worlds Modus Operandi and afterwards regarded it as an undesirability that the related research watercourse is unproductive and unsuccessful, and, hence he has provided definite proposals for upgrading. Limitation and Significance The auditing literatures systematic review via the qualitative method assumed in this study is attributable to certain restrictions/shortcomings. One of these restrictions is that a possibility of carrying forward certain mistakes and errors made by aforementioned scholars into the present study is high. Further, the method confines the production of new findings because there is no room to collect the primary data when secondary data is used which does not capture the vicissitudes effectively (Dunmore 2011). Another limitation in the theory assumed in this study is the lack of theoretical models that are tremendously specified and, therefore, it is vulnerable to permit thorough testing. Paul has documented these boundaries by signifying the need for healthier theoretical models. This suggestion arises from the backdrop of the emerging sumptuous models from analytical research that are never framed to be testable due to their unsatisfactory development alongside concentration on tractability hinged on concepts that are never meritoriously well-defined theoretically to allow operationalization (Watts and Zimmerman 2012). Paul has further recognized the absenteeism of better measurements to allow demanding testing of theoretical models because of failed concepts operationalization. Another limitation admitted is the nonexistence of homogenous reliable linear relationship-oriented manner to be espoused in measuring each study. The recurrent parameters re-invention of measurement as well as re-estimation with individual sample per study has also been recognized as the drawback to positive research from achieving its bursting potential (Franco and Roach 2017). Paul has successfully drawn theoretical inferences from the research which are justifiable methodologically. This is because the precincts have been acknowledged from the systematic review of the previous auditing literature that have in turn molded the basis for proposing enhancements to allow positive research to meet its chockfull potential. For instance, the recommended need for ever-changing focus away from the testing hypotheses towards estimating parameters afterwards being informed by the attentiveness of testing hypothesis from the previous reviewed studies (Pandey et al. 2017). The precincts have considerably unfavorably influenced the significance of the study whereas they have concomitantly absolutely exaggerated the articles contribution to the discipline (Williams 2009). This is due to the ineptitude in methodology as well as theories in the article never gave room for presenting reliable aftermaths, but the discipline is improved going forward via proposing recommendation that need to inform succeeding studies to empower positive research to meet its packed potential (Bertomeu, Darrough and Xue 2017). Conclusion Paul has unearthed that models which are tremendously specified and, hence, exceptionally defenseless, besides being undertaken extremely as thorough testing subjects are required. Paul has further accredited that unacceptable progress is ongoing in positive accounting research as a straight repercussion of using ad hoc quantitative models which are weakened to mere statements of the expected sign of a linking between two variables (Volovski et al. 2017). There is a need for effective measurement to enhance the testing of theoretical models rigorously by carefully operationalizing the concepts (Baiman 2010). Paul calls for augmented courtesy towards choosing accurate practical form. The critiques implications, therefore, is that positive researchs limitations have been recognized and counteractive schemes for upgrading suggested. Adopting these improvements will make positive research achieve its jam-packed potential. References Baiman, S., 2010. Agency research in managerial accounting: A second look. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 15(4), pp.341-371. Bertomeu, J., Darrough, M. and Xue, W., 2017. Optimal conservatism with earnings manipulation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(1), pp.252-284. Christie, A.A., 2007. On cross-sectional analysis in accounting research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 9(3), pp.231-258. Dillard, J. and Vinnari, E., 2017. A case study of critique: Critical perspectives on critical accounting. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 43, pp.88-109. Dunmore, P.V., 2011. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Available at SSRN 1955419. Dunmore, P.V., 2011. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Faff, R.W., Carrick, R., Chen, A., Escobar, M., Khong, B.X.M., Nguyen, B.H. and Tunny, W., 2017. Fantasy Pitching III: UQ Summer Research Scholarsthe Role of'Money'in the 21st Century. Fleischman, G.M., Stephenson, T., Walker, K.B. and Cook, K.A., 2017. Factors that Influence Accounting Faculty Career Satisfaction: Comparisons by Program Prestige and Tenure Status. Accounting Horizons. Franco, A. and Roach, S.S., 2017. Factors That Determine Accounting Anxiety Among Users of English as a Second Language Within an International MBA Program. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 16(1). Kim, H.J., Min, A., Im, S.A., Jang, H., Lee, K.H., Lau, A., Lee, M., Kim, S., Yang, Y., Kim, J. and Kim, T.Y., 2017. Anti?tumor activity of the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 in HER2 positive breast cancer cells. International Journal of Cancer, 140(1), pp.109-119. Pandey, S.K., Pandey, S., Breslin, R.A. and Broadus, E.D., 2017. Public Service Motivation Research Program: Key Challenges and Future Prospects. Roth, R.A., Suldo, S.M. and Ferron, J.M., 2017. Improving Middle School Students' Subjective Well-Being: Efficacy of a Multicomponent Positive Psychology Intervention Targeting Small Groups of Youth. School Psychology Review. Volovski, M., Murillo-Hoyos, J., Saeed, T.U. and Labi, S., 2017. Estimation of Routine Maintenance Expenditures for Highway Pavement Segments: Accounting for Heterogeneity Using Random-Effects Models. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems, p.04017006. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2010. Positive accounting theory: a ten year perspective. Accounting review, pp.131-156. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2012. Positive accounting theory. Williams, P.F., 2009. The logic of positive accounting research. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 14(5), pp.455-468.

The setting of a story makes up most of the plot. Essay Example For Students

The setting of a story makes up most of the plot. Essay The environment influences the characters and how they act. The setting of The Lord of the Flies takes place on an island in the middle of nowhere. This story is about a group of kids that get trapped on an island after a plane crash. There are no adults with them because they all died from the crash. William Golding made this the setting to make the plot of the story more interesting. A reason that Golding uses an island as the setting because he wants a group of kids all by themselves with no adult supervision. He wanted to show what kids would do without adults around. The lifestyles of the kids will be changed because of the environment that they have to live in. An example of this is when Ralph decided to run around naked. He doesnt want adults controlling their actions because it would ruin the point he is trying to make. We will write a custom essay on The setting of a story makes up most of the plot. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Golding also made the setting on an island because he wants the children to create their own culture and society. It will show their own type of government on the island and will give responsibilities to each of the characters. The type of government will shape their behaviors and the respect from the others. Their rules of civilization change the way people feel about each other. For example, Jack does not like Ralph because Ralph is the leader of the group and makes the decisions, but Jack doesnt like the way Ralph leads them. Another reason Golding put the setting on an island is that the environment is different from the conditions that theyre used to. The environment and vegetation of the island is a big influence on their daily life. Their life basically revolves around the things that live and grow on the island. They need to be responsible and caring enough not to abuse their resources. They also need to make smart decisions, so that it doesnt get destroyed. For example, the littluns would just use the bathroom anywhere they want and make the island dirty and smelly. Another example is when the characters would just make bon fires wherever they want, without even caring what forest fire they can create. The setting on the island greatly affects the point that Golding is trying to make. It also makes the story more interesting and puts excitement into the plot. The characters way of life is changed because the environment and the absence of adult supervision.

Washington State University (WSU) Admission Data

Washington State University (WSU) Admission Data Washington State University had an acceptance rate of 80 percent in 2016, and admission is moderately selective. Accepted students tend to have grades and standardized test scores that are average or better. The admission process is largely not holisticdecisions are based mostly on grades, standardized test scores, and the applicants high school curriculum. Adequate grades in core academic subjects are essential. Are you on target for admission to WSU? Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Washington State University Acceptance Rate: 72  percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Washington StateTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 460 / 580SAT Math: 470 / 585What these SAT numbers meanTop Washington colleges SAT comparisonPAC 12 SAT score comparisonACT Composite: 20 / 26ACT English: 19  / 25ACT Math: 19  / 26What these ACT numbers meanTop Washington colleges ACT comparisonPAC 12 ACT score comparison Washington State University Description Washington State University (WSU) in Pullman rests on 620 acres on the eastern side of Washington State, just a few miles from the University of Idaho. The university offers over 200 areas of study, with about 100 majors for undergraduates.  Academics at WSU in Pullman are supported by a 15 to 1  student / faculty ratio, and nearly 80 percent of classes have fewer than 50 students. The university has extensive study abroad offerings through more than 1,500 programs in 86 countries. The universitys strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned it a chapter of the prestigious ​Phi Beta Kappa  honor society, and its overall strengths earned it a spot on my list of  top Washington colleges. In recent years the university has been building its online offerings, and its online MBA program has earned national accolades. Campus life is active. Washington State is a residential campus with roughly 85 percent of students living on campus. About fifteen percent of students belong to sororities or fraternities. Getting involved is easy with over 300 clubs and organizations to choose from. More than 6,000 WSU undergraduates participate in intramural sports including volleyball, tennis, flag football, golf, climbing, and laser tag. In athletics, the Washington State University Cougars biggest athletic rival is the  University of Washington. Both schools compete in the Division I  Pacific 12 Conference. The university fields six mens and nine womens intercollegiate sports, and WSU has one of the largest athletic centers in the country. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 30,142  (24,904  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 48 percent male / 52 percent female87 percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $11,041 (in-state); $25,673 (out-of-state)Books: $960 (why so much?)Room and Board: $11,356Other Expenses: $3,542Total Cost: $26,899 (in-state); $41,531 (out-of-state) Washington State University Financial Aid (2015-16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 90  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 83  percentLoans: 48  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $9,368Loans: $6,999 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors: Business Administration, Communication Studies, Criminal Justice, Education, English, Human Development, Mechanical Engineering, Nursing, Psychology, Social ScienceWhat major is right for you? Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 79 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 41  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 67  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports: Football, Golf, Basketball, Baseball, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports: Swimming, Tennis, Volleyball, Basketball, Track and Field, Golf, Rowing, Soccer If You Like Washington State, You May Also Like These Schools University of Oregon: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphGonzaga University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBoise State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Portland: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Washington: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphArizona State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWhitworth University: ProfilePortland State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStanford University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOregon State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSeattle University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Washington State Unversity Mission Statement mission statement from the https://strategicplan.wsu.edu/plan/vision-mission-and-values/ Washington State University is a public research university committed to its land-grant heritage and tradition of service to society. Our mission is threefold: To advance knowledge through creative research, innovation, and creativity across a wide range of academic disciplines.To extend knowledge through innovative educational programs in which students and emerging scholars are mentored to realize their highest potential and assume roles of leadership, responsibility, and service to society.To apply knowledge through local and global engagement that will improve quality of life and enhance the economy of the state, nation, and world. Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Common Anions Table and Formulas List

Common Anions Table and Formulas List An anion is an  ion  that has a negative charge. Here is a table listing common anions and their formulas: Table of Common Anions Simple Anions Formula Hydride H- Oxide O2- Fluoride F- Sulfide S2- Chloride Cl- Nitride N3- Bromide Br- Iodide I- Oxoanions Formula Arsenate AsO43- Phosphate PO43- Arsenite AsO33- Hydrogen Phosphate HPO42- Dihydrogen Phosphate H2PO4- Sulfate SO42- Nitrate NO3- Hydrogen Sulfate HSO4- Nitrite NO2- Thiosulfate S2O32- Sulfite SO32- Perchlorate ClO4- Iodate IO3- Chlorate ClO3- Bromate BrO3- Chlorite ClO2- Hypochlorite OCl- Hypobromite OBr- Carbonate CO32- Chromate CrO42- Hydrogen Carbonate or Bicarbonate HCO3- Dichromate Cr2O72- Anions from Organic Acids Formula Acetate CH3COO- Formate HCOO- Other Anions Formula Cyanide CN- Amide NH2- Cyanate OCN- Peroxide O22- Thiocyanate SCN- Oxalate C2O42- Hydroxide OH- Permanganate MnO4- Writing Formulas of Salts Salts are compounds composed of cations bonded to anions. The resulting compound carries a neutral electrical charge. For example, table salt, or sodium chloride, consists of the Na cation bonded to the Cl- anion to form NaCl. Salts are hygroscopic, or tend to pick up water. This water is called water of hydration. By convention, the cation name and formula are  listed before the anion name and formula. In other words, write the cation on the left and the anion on the right. The formula of a salt is: (cation)m(anion)n ·(#)H2O where the H2O is omitted if the # is zero, m is the oxidation state of the anion, and n is the oxidation state of the anion. If m or n is 1, then no subscript is written in the formula. The name of a salt is given by: (cation)(anion) (prefix)(hydrate) where the hydrate is omitted if there is no water. Prefixes indicate the number of water molecules or can be used in front of the cation and anion names in cases where the cation (usually) can have multiple oxidation states. Common prefixes are: Number Prefix 1 mono 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa 7 hepta 8 octa 9 nona 10 deca 11 undeca For example, the compound strontium chloride consists of the cation Sr2 combined with the anion Cl-. It is written SrCl2. When the cation and/or the anion is a  polyatomic ion, parentheses may be used to group the atoms in the ion together to write the formula. For example, the salt ammonium sulfate consists of the cation NH4 and the sulfate anion SO42-. The formula of the salt is written as (NH4)2SO4. The compound calcium phosphate consists of the calcium cation Ca2 with the anion PO43- and is written as Ca3(PO4)2. An example of a formula that includes water of hydrate is that of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. Note that the name of the salt includes the oxidation state of copper. This is common when dealing with any transition metal or rare earth. The formula is written as CuSO4 ·5H2O. Formulas of Binary Inorganic Compounds Combining cations and anions to form binary inorganic compounds is simple. The same prefixes are applied to indicate the quantities of cation or anion atoms. Examples include the name of water, H2O, which is dihydrogen monoxide, and the name of NO, which is nitrogen dioxide. Cations and Anions in Organic Compounds The rules for naming and writing the formulas of organic compounds are more complex. In general, the name follows the rule: (group prefixes)(longest carbon chain prefix)(highest root bond)(most important group suffix)

Clinical Supervision Importance in Practices Nursing Essay

Clinical Supervision Importance in Practices Nursing - Essay Example As nurses, we play a big role which ensures those patients are cared for and receives quality medical health care. Clinical supervision provides the possibility of bringing about change in this process. The objective of this paper is to provide a reflection of my own performance as a clinical supervisor to a peer colleague and recommend a future developmental need that I might have worked as a clinical supervisor. My reflective report will be based on John Driscoll’s model of structured reflection. I will use the model as a guide to assist me reflects upon significant events in my most recent clinical supervision. I decided to choose this model since I found it most relevant to my reflective style. The model provided me with a good guideline of potential questions, such as the what? So what? and now what? which influenced my flow of thought without having to map out the entire reflective process. In the reflective report, I will provide a descriptive account of events at my wo rkplace, analysis of the behavior and emotional context and conclude with a feasible action plan summarizing my future developmental needs as a clinical supervisor might be met. In conformity with the NMC code of conduct, confidentiality will be maintained throughout the essay. What is clinical supervision? Research reveals that clinical supervision is an aspect that affects all practicing nurses. However, it has often been regarded as something new, since its application began in the early 1990s with the support of Nursing and Midwifery. Since then, the concept has evolved and is being adopted in all the fields of healthcare and its allied world such as psychiatry, physiotherapy, and counseling (Jones 2003, 224-228). Brunero and Stein-Parbury (2010, p.87) defines clinical supervision as the processes of professional support and learning where nurses are assisted in developing their practice through regular discussion time with knowledgeable and experienced colleagues. Fowler (1996, p.27) notes that during clinical supervision, nurses engage in reflection processes in order to be able to identify and meet their need for professional development. According to Van Ooijen 2000, p.14-16) the purpose of clinical supervision is to improve nursing practice and as such needs to be focused on nurse-patient interaction. Canham & Bennet (2008, p. 63) support this arguing that the essence of clinical supervision is the support and the development of the nurse.

Case Study Analysis - Tiffanies Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis - Tiffanies - Case Study Example The sale of â€Å"fine† jewelry accounts for only a small percentage of the overall sales and profitability for the firm; however, it continues to represent a lion’s share of the overall investment, research and development, and product space that such items receive within the Tiffany branded stores. Tiffany’s is seen by consumer markets as representing on extremely expensive pieces of fine jewelry; this somewhat reduces the degree and extent to which it can hope to engage consumers within other markets. Solution a: Activate an aggressive marketing campaign that alerts consumers that Tiffany’s provides for the needs of a diverse group of consumers; not only those that are within the highest socio-economic category. Solution b: Begin slowly phasing less expensive products into the product mix and hope that the consumer base will respond positively by means of gradual osmosis; continuing to utilize the 18 month product cycle previously defined. Solution a: Promote a strategy that engages consumer awareness that Tiffany’s physical location only represents a portion of what the firm has to offer and that online shopping as a manner by which everyone else that does not live in close proximity can enjoy their products. Solution b: Begin to alter the brand marketing approach so that Tiffany’s will not only be marketed within certain select forums. This will encourage a re-integration of understanding in terms of what the firm represents and how. Solution b: Discontinue existing and outdated marketing approaches that have placed a disproportional focus on word of mouth and status advertising; as these are outdated and insufficient to reach emerging markets. Solution a: Whereas almost all other luxury brands have engaged with the Chinese market thoroughly, Tiffany’s only represents 10 stores in this nation of over 1 billion people – indicating a situation in which potential for profitability and market space within China

Increasing Rate of Minors Who Engage in Smoking Essay Example for Free

Increasing Rate of Minors Who Engage in Smoking Essay The purpose of this research is to identify the percentage of minors who does engage in smoking, to have this idea of how minors take this unhealthy activities that sabotage their life as well as their future, not only that, we also want to make people realize especially the teenagers that taking and engaging in these activities does not help them to be a better person as well as a healthy human being. The very purpose of our research is to stop minors in engaging into these activities by picturing to them that with these, their life would be nothing because this is not good in their physical body, but also mentally and emotionally. 1.2Context of the Study These minors usually live in a complicated life where they are facing a lot of problems and even things that makes their mind chaotic. Those things that are happening around them, those people who are engaged in smoking can also trigger them to be a smoker. 1.3Problem Statement 1.3.1Main problem Smoking is one of the means of people to channel their depression. It is 1.4Significance of the Study The study will provide guidance to minors for them to be aware of the possible negative effects of the vices that they are in. Especially college students who are always hanging out in clubs, always drinking alcoholic beverages, smoking and even using illegal drugs. This will enable minors to become more conscious about their health and stop engaging in these activities that will make their life miserable. 1.5Delimitation of the Study * College students of Central Philippine University 1.6Definition of Terms Vices – are bad habits that he/she is not aware of it. Smoking – is the act of burning a cigarette and inhaling its smoke to experience stress relief. Alcoholic beverages – are alcoholic drinks that are drunk by people for recreation purposes. Minors – are the respondents of the study. 1.7Assumptions It is assumed in the study that: * Respondents will answer the question honestly and accurately. * That attitudes of respondents are good. 2 CHAPTER 2: LIERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The commercial vices are gambling, prostitutions, and drugs. The appeals of the commercial vices are so strong and widespread that attempts to prohibit them to western countries have always failed. (http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=59394) Social vices are forms of evil, wicked and criminal actions or behaviours in the society. These are social problems and have been thought of as social situations that a large number of observers feel are inappropriate and need remedying. Social vices are those acts and conditions that violate societal norms and values. (http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Social-Vices-In-Higher-Institutions-In/86198) People start smoking for a variety of different reasons. Some think it looks cool. Others start because their family members or friends smoke. Statistics show that about 9 out of 10 tobacco users’ start before theyre 18 years old. Most adults who started smoking in their teens never expected to become addicted. Thats why people say its just so much easier to not start smoking at all. (http://kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/tobacco/smoking.html) Alcohol or â€Å"booze is widely used by young people. Around 90% of Australian teenagers over the age of 14 years have tried alcohol at least once. Estimates suggest that around half of teenagers over 14 years drink alcohol at least weekly. Binge drinking, drink driving and unsafe sex can also result from the misuse of alcohol.†

A Response to the Great Depression Essay -- essays papers

A Response to the Great Depression The Great Depression of the 1930s was the economic event of the 20th century. The Great Depression began in 1929 when the entire world suffered an enormous drop in output and an unprecedented rise in unemployment. World economic output continued to decline until 1932 when it clinked bottom at 50% of its 1929 level. Unemployment soared, in the United States it peaked at 24.9% in 1933. Real economic output (real GDP) fell by 29% from 1929 to 1933 and the US stock market lost 89.5% of its value. Another unusual aspect of the Great Depression was deflation. Prices fell 25%, 30%, 30%, and 40% in the UK, Germany, the US, and France respectively from 1929 to 1933. These were the four largest economies in the world at that time. In the United States the Great Depression brought forth many problems. There was both a physical and psychological impact on the entire nation. Many feared losing their jobs and the high rate of unemployment cause much anxiety. People were becoming depressed and the numbers of attempted and/or committed suicides were increasing. The impact on the nations health was also an issue. Thousands of people were going hungry, causing people to grow their own food and eat wild berries and other plants. Children were suffering from poor diets and inadequate medical attention, which lead to many other health problems. Living conditions changed when multiple families began crowding into small houses and apartments in at...

Ethics in Project Management

ETHICS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1ABSTRACT This essay will describe about ethics in project management which will provide us an overview of the aspects how the organizations develop the ethics in an organization and about the differences in the ethical decision making among various professionals in their given field. In order to understand various aspects of the chosen topic various literature have been examined including peer reviewed articles which have been carefully chosen. In today’s world all the professional fields have adopted the ethical code of conduct in one way or another but there are differences in the decision making because of variation in company culture and the ethical values of a project manager and the employees. 2INTRODUCTION Ethics basically define the values and the standards or customs of a particular person or a group of people. There are two things that provide the specification for the ethics. First, ethics refers to well based standards of right and wrong that set what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. As mentioned above, feelings can deviate from what is ethical. So it is necessary to constantly examine one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. Ethics also means, then, the continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct, and striving to ensure that we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to standards that are reasonable and solidly-based. To make good ethical decisions it is essential that the professionals must have trained sensitivity to the ethical issues and a methodology that will help in exploring the ethical aspects of a decision making. In the business world, ethics scandals have caused the downfall of global corporations and non-profits, causing public outrage and sparking increased government regulations. Globalization has brought economies closer together but has caused a realization that our practice of ethics may differ from culture to culture. The rapid, continuing pace of technological change has provided new opportunities, but has also introduced new challenges, including new ethical dilemmas. The Code of Ethics and Professional Development was approved by the PMI Board of Directors in October 2006. Breach of Code of Ethics: Should, in the opinion of the National Council, a breach or a series of breaches of the Code of Ethics indicate that the member concerned has conducted himself/herself in a manner seriously prejudicial to the profession, then the Council shall advise the member that his/her name shall be removed from the Register of Members and in the case of Registered Project Managers, from the Register of Project Managers. The other important issue is importance of monitoring to control unethical problems. There is no doubt, control is necessary to prevent unethical problems, especially illegal ones, like frauds, and it helps organisations to ensure the accepted policies perform properly. However, there are some possible conflicts here, especially about considering people’s privacy and answer to this question that how far should this control go? People do not like their personal actions to be watched by others and they expect their privacy to be respected, also in some situations, applying very strictly suspect view to control causes people feel to have to try to prove their innocence because someone thinks they are guilty. In my opinion, definitely people‘s right to have their privacy respected could not be ignored, but there are other rights for people too, they want to feel secure when they trust to an organisation and give their information to the organisation and it’s responsible to protect them against someone that tries to access the information and use it to abuse them, or they also want the information related to their banking transactions to be secure. In all of these cases, it is not a acceptable excuse to these organisations not to check their staffs’ or customers’ suspect actions just because of being care about respecting to people privacy rights. As we see, beside to privacy right, there are other rights that should be considered as well. So the someone privacy right should be respected as far as it does not provide possibility of break other people‘s right. Ethics in IT: Mentioned by Strassmann, there is an issue for which, about our personal responsibility to other’s unethical behaviour and deciding whether or not play the role of the ethics police for people including our colleagues, partners, customers or even our boss. Bill Nance, a professor of management information systems at San Jose State University, disagree with such a way of thinking, he believes this â€Å"don't ask, don't tell† policy might end up costing a lot more than the money saved by the illegal money-saving strategies. He gave reason that â€Å"If a client or co-worker is doing something that is beyond unethical –something that is illegal — and others involved know or `could have reasonably known,' as lawyers say in court, they could be considered an accomplice†. I personally think in this sort of situation expectation of always acting as a moral cop is to some extent idealist and not realistic; sometimes because of the side effects of playing such a role, it could cost too much, such as losing job or popularity, so it would not worth to do so. Following are the main objectives that are meant to be achieved with the implementation of ethics in the organization:- Inspiration: To inspire members of the profession to act more ethically in the work environment. Sensitivity: To give encouragement to the members to remain sensitive towards the moral aspects of their jobs Discipline: To enforce certain rules of the profession on its members to achieve integrity Advice: To provide advice in cases of moral complexity and ethical dilemma Awareness: To alert employers and clients as to what they can expect of the member when performing his or her job. Ethics in Construction: The American Society of Civil Engineers claims that corruption accounts for an estimated $340 billion of worldwide construction costs each year. Corruption (including bribery, embezzlement, kickbacks, and fraud) in construction projects undermines the delivery of infrastructure services. Further, corruption poses significant risks to construction and engineering companies themselves. Owners, while trying to minimize their costs for construction projects, are also required to address the ethical and social responsibilities to their shareholders. Terms such as â€Å"socially responsible investments,† â€Å"integrity,† â€Å"honesty,† and â€Å"ethical business conduct† can be found in the operation statements or codes of ethics of almost all public companies. Whistleblowing: In the past thirty years numerous pieces of legislation have been passed to offer protection to whistleblowers from retaliation for disclosing organisational wrongdoing. An area that remains uncertain in relation to whistleblowing and its related policies in organisations is whether these policies actually increase the individualisation of work, allowing employees to behave in accordance with their conscience and in line with societal expectations or whether they are another management tool to control employees and protect organisations from them. In the professional environment, defining what is ethical could be too subjective. So providing enough information about accepted ethical values is very helpful to make ethical decisions. In other words, it is organisations’ responsibility to have related ethical policies and inform people, who need to know about that, properly. Another point is that some people usually take lightly of what is considered unethical behaviour in the industry while they may think that this behaviour is highly unethical or even illegal in real life. This situation emphasizes necessity to pay more attention to cultural infrastructure to promote ethical issues e. g. in construction, medical or IT area. Finally, considering that The Project Management Institute does have a Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, every professional should accustom to commit to the code seriously and adhere to it in all circumstances. Also enforcement of the ethical standards should be a must for the organization to maintain a reputation and also to protect the interest of the public. REFERENCES 1) Reedy, Patrick. 2008. ‘Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall: Reflecting on the Ethics and Effects of a Collective Critical Management Studies Identity Project. ’ Management Learning Vol. 39 Issue 1 p 57-72. EBSCOhost viewed September 25, 2008. ) Garrett, Michael. 2008. ‘What Will You Do When Your Desire to Please and Ethics Collide? ’ Business Source Complete, p 42-44, EBSCOhost viewed September 25, 2008. 3) Small, M. 2006, ‘A Case for Including Business Ethics and the Humanities in Management Programs’ Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 64 Issue 2, p195-211, EBSCOhost viewed Se ptember 26, 2008 4) Tsahuridu, E. , & Vandekerckhove, W. 2008, ‘Organisational Whistleblowing Policies: Making Employees Responsible or Liable? ’ Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 82 Issue 1, p107-118, EBSCOhost viewed September 26, 2008 5) Sohail, M. , & Cavill, S. 008, ‘Accountability to Prevent Corruption in Construction Projects’ Journal of Construction Engineering & Management, Vol. 134 Issue 9, p729-738, EBSCOhost viewed September 25, 2008 6) Annas, G. 2008, ‘Military Medical Ethics – Physician First, Last, Always’ New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 359 Issue 11, p1087-1090. EBSCOhost viewed September 26, 2008 7) Swartz, N 2003, ‘Business Leaders Form Ethics Organization’, Information Management Journal, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p14. EBSCOhost, viewed September 23, 2008 8) Belsie, L 2002, ‘Watching for technology abuse at work’, Christian Science Monitor, Vol. 0, Issue 184, EBSCOhost, viewed 24 September 2008. 9 ) Strassmann, P 2000, ‘Practice ethical IT’, Computerworld, vol. 34, no. 14, EBSCOhost, viewed 24 September 2008. 10) Jane, R 2002, ‘Facing ethical dilemmas’, InfoWorld, vol. 20, no. 52/01, p. 73, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 September 2008. http://www. acm. org/about/code-of-ethics http://www. pmi. org/info/AP_PMICodeofEthics. pdf http://www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework. html http://www. cpsr. org/act/contest/4wi2 http://gbr. pepperdine. edu/052/itmatters. html http://www. misq. org/archivist/vol/no16/issue4/effyoz. pdf

Lmt 100

AIFAA HUSNA BINTI ASHA’RI 112542 LMT 100 / 44 LECTURER : PUAN ZURAIDAH ABU BAKAR Question 1 (a) If I was Sivasothie, I will object the arranged marriage made by my family because I know that arranged marriage will not last longer even though it was parent choice. There were lack of love and respect between husband and wife when we married with someone which we do not know well. Furthermore, there was also the danger of arranged marriage which the husband will act violent towards his wife and to be worse the wife was too afraid to speak out. In Sivasothie’s situation, her future husband was materialistic. As he works as a doctor, the value of dowry that he wanted was too high that cannot be afford by Sivasothie, plus he did not wanted to be considerate with her family at all. In this case, it shows that a woman pride was very low because she cannot afford to pay the dowry for the man, just because of the arranged marriage made by their family. Question 1 (b) If I was the American girl, I will have a slow talk with my husband to improve our relationship. Maybe it was hard to have a slow talk as my husband was too cold, but I will try to change and improve the situation to save my marriage or else my relationship with him will become worse. The love between us is fading and it will die if I do not take any action on it. A marriage with no love was meaningless because we were living with our partner everyday and there will be lack of intimacy. It was okay if our husband was not care about us too much. We do not have to be emotional towards our husband because it will destroy the marriage that we build. Hence, we need to make things better and save the marriage from divorced. Tolerate between each other is important so that our relationship will last longer.

John Adams, George Washington, essays

John Adams, George Washington, essays 1. The principle motivation in getting involved with the independence movement for John Adams was his ambition. However, he also had a very strong sense of virtue and he saw America as the center of virtuous being. He saw the taxation being imposed on Americans as morally wrong and was personally insulted by the appointment of men to high official positions based on their willingness to bow to and fawn over the crown. With a movement toward independence, Adams could satisfy his own ambition by moving his concerns and abilities out of the small province of Massachusetts into the larger arena of the continental government. Pairing his ambition with the ambition of the entire continent was satisfying and productive to Adams and this, among other things, motivated him to continue his support for American independence. The principle motivation for George Washington for the independence movement was personal honor and gain. Washington understood that by serving as the head of the Continental Army during the movement, he could gain tremendous honor as long as he could defeat the forces of the British. Eventually, Washington began to pair his honor with the honor of the entire nation, just like Adams ambition. The continual gain of national honor would satisfy Washingtons need for personal honor as well as serving his personal interest. The principle motivation for Jefferson in the movement for American independence was his belief in freedom for mankind. Given, his definition of mankind was limited, but he believed that mankind should be free from all oppression and strive to better itself in every way possible. Morgan hints that the personal gain for Jefferson from the movement was his own freedom from oppression. Through the fight for independence, Jefferson was freeing himself from the oppressive laws of England, the oppressive laws of his forefathers, and oppressive limitation of how well he could voice his ideas. The mov...

5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives

5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives 5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives 5 Sentences Requiring Hyphenated Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol When two or more words team up to describe something, they’re usually hyphenated to make their symbiotic relationship clear. Each of the following sentences contains a phrasal adjective that should be linked with one or more hyphens; each example is followed by a brief discussion and a revision. 1. Their affair wasn’t exactly the best kept secret. This sentence refers to a secret that is the best kept, not a kept secret that is better than any other, so link the phrasal adjective together: â€Å"Their affair wasn’t exactly the best-kept secret.† 2. The company conducted an information security risk assessment earlier this year. What type of assessment occurred? A risk assessment about information security, or an assessment about information-security risk? Either analysis is correct, but at least one hyphen is required, no matter which interpretation is favored: â€Å"The company conducted an information-security risk assessment earlier this year† and â€Å"The company conducted an information-security-risk assessment earlier this year.† (Both work, but the former alternative is simpler.) 3. Smith is widely revered for being the most high profile member of the Mormon faith in America. This sentence seems to imply that of all the profile members of the Mormon church, Smith is the one most intoxicated by drugs. A hyphen linking high and profile eliminates any confusion about the meaning of the statement: â€Å"Smith is widely revered for being the most high-profile member of the Mormon faith in America.† 4. The rare book dealer has been in business for as long as I can remember. Does this sentence refer to one of the few book dealers or to a dealer in rare books? The latter reading is more likely, but eliminate doubt by hyphenating rare and book: â€Å"The rare-book dealer has been in business for as long as I can remember.† 5. We analyzed the entire play on a scene by scene basis. The phrasal adjective â€Å"scene by scene† should be hyphenated: â€Å"We analyzed the entire play on a scene-by-scene basis.† (Alternatively, simplify the sentence to â€Å"We analyzed the entire play scene by scene†; try this approach for time frames, too, as by replacing â€Å"on an annual basis† with annually.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?15 Types of DocumentsThe "Pied" in The Pied Piper

Effectiveness of Health and Safety at Work Place in Bangladesh Essay

Effectiveness of Health and Safety at Work Place in Bangladesh - Essay Example Fire and collapse incidents proved that compliance with employee safety was not being assured and workers were forced to work in vulnerable working conditions to keep their body and soul together. On 24 April 2013, a very grave collapse of garments industry was observed at a ten storey building in Bangladesh. It made the entire world suspicious of what could have happened. The accident took place in well known Rana Plaza where five garment factories were running with worldwide interactions. Many renowned brands were used to interact with garment factories in Bangladesh because of good quality of garments at cheaper costs. However the poor health and safety conditions are thought to be responsible of the deadliest building collapse in the history of Bangladesh (BBC News 2013). It is right to remark that it has become an alarming situation for governing bodies in order to cope the global defame and for resuming the relationships for trade and business. In near past, before the lethal c ollapse, Bangladesh remained a center of attention for international buyers because of extremely low wage rates. According to Minimum Wage Board (2010), the average wage in Bangladesh was Taka 3000/- which is extremely low as compared to contemporary market rate (Mondy and Noe et al. 2005). 2. The Accident The tragic collapse in Sawar on 24th April 2013 was one of the most astonishing historical accidents. The said plaza, situated in Sawar, Dhaka, was tremendously collapsed at 8:58 a.m on that day. The plaza building has been estimated to have 5000 workers employed in five garments factories. According to the government press release, around 1131 workers kicked the bucket in the accident and their bodies were rescued. The government spokesman further divulged that 2438 workers were rescued alive. In the collapse five garment factories, one bank, ATM booths, a market and parking lots were devastated (Mehr 2013). Rescue services were offered by Bangladesh army, Fire and civil defense services, Bangladesh Police and several volunteer welfare and nongovernmental organization. The made the injured reach to hospitals and different first aid spots according to the severity of injury. Emergency was enforced in public as well as in private hospitals at Dhaka (BBC News 2013). It has been reported that a morning before the collapse, a two inch crack was observed in ground pillars of the building. By hearing the news, several journalists of leading television channels arrived at the building. They covered the news and were lean to talk to the owner of building Sohel Rana. After the call, the owner personally came to the building and said that the crack is not dangerous. It can be managed without enforcing any emergency in the building. The peace of the building must not be disturbed. He asked the journalists not to report the news. He let out the situation of building satisfactory in all respects and went away. A local engineer visited the building and told that the condi tion is severely vulnerable; the building must be emptied immediately and should be inspected by a competent team of professional engineers (Quinn 2013). By seeing the response of the building owner, the garment factories’ owners decided to close the factories. From the next day, labors were called for strike.

MSc.SERVICE QUALITY Total Quality Management Case Study Essay

MSc.SERVICE QUALITY Total Quality Management Case Study - Essay Example Communication Channels provides a comprehensive framework to an organisation for exchanging views and information. An effective communication channel is identified as one that provides a quick, easy, reliable and noise-free network among the stakeholders. The message gets to the receiver without delay and with minimum cost and is interpreted appropriately. Effective communication has following functions (Dickinson College, n.d.): Motivation – a simple appreciation email by management to recognize the hard work of an employee that circulates through the entire email system will surely motivate that particular employee and many others towards work achievements. Denis is advised to develop two-tier communication architecture. A call center should be established where a customer can call anytime. A relationship manager will be available for customer who will provide all the required support and will also take new orders. This would ensure highly personalized quality of service and customer satisfaction as the relationship manager will have first hand knowledge about all the customers they have been assigned. In the second tier, Denis is advised to develop an intranet coupled with an internal email system. The intranet can be used for effective top-down vertical communication where Denis can send policy or guideline to all the employees, and can also be used for effective upward and horizontal communication as the employees can share information, expertise and can provide feedback to the management. This will create an open culture where employees will feel more empowered, equalised participation will be possible and relationships among emplo yees will be solidified. Denis can make use of a variety of quality concepts, tools, and techniques. However, four techniques and models are proposed; each of these provides a complete quality framework that covers not one but all aspects of an organisation’s

Evidence-Based Practice Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 2

Evidence-Based Practice Project - Research Paper Example When a patient is on dialysis, circulation of the blood is on one side of a semipermeable membrane, while, on the other side, a special dialysis fluid is circulated. Blood composition must be closely matched by the dialysis fluid. Urea and creatinin, metabolic waste products, are diffused through the dialysis fluid membrane and discarded, while necessary substance diffusion is prevented by its presence in the dialysis fluid. (Answers.com). Dialysis treatment is demanding for the patient, as they must spend four hours during thrice weekly sessions hooked up to these machines. (Sonnier, 2000, p. 5). Because patients must observe strict dietary and fluid restrictions, there is a great mortality rate that is directly related to non-adherence with the dietary and fluid restriction protocol. Patients must self-care when they are on dialysis, and must comply with their prescribed regimen that is assigned to them when they start dialysis for the first time. Self-care and compliance are different, yet related, terms. There are reasons why patients do not self-care or comply correctly with their prescribed health regimen, and there are solutions that have been put forth. The solutions include increased education about the necessity of self-care, empowerment through education regarding how to self-care and behavioural modification. Self-care is defined as â€Å"the patients deliberate actions regulating his/her functioning and development for health and well-being.† (Ricka, et al., 2002, p. 329). Self-care is pertinent to the patients survival and well-being. Compliance is a related term, what that focuses mainly on the correlation between medically prescribed therapeutic regimen compliance and the outcome behaviours. (Ricka, et al., 2002, p. 331). Dietary factors that require compliance include regulating protein intake; limiting electrolytes, such as potassium and sodium; taking vitamin supplements; and lowering fluid

Evolution of foreign worker in Malaysia

Evolution of foreign worker in Malaysia Decades earlier, the movement of people from one place to another exist always. Pending their own reasons or motive, people have been moving for centuries from one place to another in order to continue their survival. To date, immigration amongst different countries is no longer a new phenomenon. At the time of world war, many inhabitants were displaced to other nation due to man-made and natural disasters. Until now, the phenomenon still exists which are primarily driven by poverty in their home country. Thus, there are both pull and push factors behind the migration of labour. The situation applies to Malaysia population as well. Multi-ethnic population in Malaysia demonstrated the long history of migration. About 40 per cent of its 26 million people are of immigrants. Due to its geographical location at the crossroads of Southeast Asia, Malaysia had for centuries been open to traders and travellers from the East and the West (Zahid Zamir. 2006). It is during the time of late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that the inflow of foreign workers especially from the Indian subcontinent, China and Indonesia started to come into Malaysia. During the time of British colony, our country confronted with serious labour shortage. A solution has been taken to import the cheap labour resources from India and China to work in tin mines, rubber plantation and infrastructure development. In that period, these immigrant workers contributed cheap as well as adequate supply of local work force when local workers either found not suitable or interested in working under the same harsh conditions faced by the immigrant labours (Zahib Zamir, 2006). With the incoming foreign workers especially from China and India to work in the plantations, mines and the construction sectors, an alien community has formed before the independent of 1957. After gaining independence in 1957 and the establishment of the periodic 5 year Malaysia plan, the increasing population has prompted the country to put emphasis on housing need. As the construction industry outgrow the general economy, labour shortage were particularly acute in many indispensable trades such as concreting, carpentry, bricklaying, painting, tiling, bar bending, and plumbing by the late 1980s and 1990s (Abdul-Aziz, 1995). Phenomenon where local worker markets could not provide sufficient needs happen on that time. The agriculture sector was the first to experience labour shortage and followed by the construction and manufacturing sectors. Foreign workers from neighbouring countries seek employment as workers in these sectors (International Migrations in Malaysia, 27 Nov 2006). Basically, foreign workers who involve in construction industry come from different nationality such as Indonesia, Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan and others. To date, the presence of foreign workers in Malaysia has become a norm. It is an immediate measurement to solve the labour shortage problem. The foreign workers has become part of Malaysia society as the demand for workforce is growing and poor work environment and image are accelerating existing workers to leave the construction field. In the recent time, foreign workers being largely absorbs to work in tight labour market conditions and low paying fields such as construction industry. Both developed and developing countries are apt to prohibit foreign worker from being legally employed for the purpose of limiting the number of illegal entrants to protect their domestic labourers. Foreign worker are allow to be employed in selected sectors such as plantation, manufacture as well as construction industry with specify limitations and regulations. 2.3 BASIC DATA ON FOREIGN WORKER According to Economic Report 2004/2005, total number of foreign workers rose from 4% of total employment in 1990 to about 10.7% in 1997 and 9% in 2001. As at July 2004, there are about 1.3 million registered foreign workers, constituting 12% of total employment in the country. Foreign workers have steadily increased in number over the past two decades and they have become a key part of the economy for most of the countries. However, for various reasons, the Government and the employers both small and big have tended to down play the importance of foreign labour in the countrys development. The primary objective of foreign worker to come and work in Malaysia was to make some fortune and return their home after some time. Combination of factors including the unattractiveness of manual construction work to local youths, an expanding manufacturing sector that offer better employment conditions, labour attrition, increasing opportunities for tertiary education, a lower birth rate and out-migration of Malaysia workers to high wages country such as Singapore and Japan have make the foreign worker become vital component in construction workforce in Malaysia (Abdul Rashid, Abdul Aziz, 2001). Local people are no longer able to sustain the demand and needs of construction industry (Azian, 2004). In order to maintain the rapid expansion of construction industry, foreign workers is the option to fulfil the needs. According to statistic on regularized foreign workers (Figure 2.1), it indicates that construction sector is the most active in utilizing foreign worker. According to Ahmad, 1996, the Malaysia construction industry has relied on foreign work force since early of 1980s. An estimated 60% of manual workers in the construction industry were foreign nationals in 1987 (Gill, 1988), a figure which increase to 70% in 1991 (Pillai, 1992) and then 80% in 1995 (Balaisegaram and Pillai, 1996). Since then, the local apprentices shed away from working in construction industry as they feel that working together with these migrant workers was not conducive. Furthermore, the shortages of construction workers was largely rooted from such well-known causes such as poor image, uncertainty in career path, lack of training and education, declining wages, poor work environment, and the transient nature of construction workers. All of the reasons above have caused large proportions of foreign workers in Mal aysia construction industry. The growth of foreign worker in construction industry is continuing. Figure 2.1 Number of regularized foreign workers by nationality (July 1992- December 1995). (Source; Immigration Department, as quoted in Kassim (1996)) From the statistic of Annual Labour Force Survey conducted by the Department of Statistics, it indicates that the number of legal foreign workers in Malaysia rose to 1,359,632 as at July 2004. Foreign workers are employed in all major sectors of the economy, with manufacturing accounting the largest share at 30.5%, services (25%), agriculture (24.7%) and construction (19.8%). These workers are normally employed in jobs critics label the 3D that is dangerous, difficult and dirty. In others words foreign workers are employ in position where local refused to do. Figure 2.2 Percentages of Legal Foreign Workers in Malaysia by Country (Source: Annual Labour Force Survey, Department of Statistics) From the Figure 2.2 above, majority of foreign workers are from Indonesia, averaging 66.5% of total foreign workers, followed by Nepal (9.2%), Bangladesh (8.0%), India (4.5%) and Myanmar (4.2%). By viewing the steadily rose amount on foreign workers, the Home Minister Datuk Seri Hishammuddin Hussein had announced that the government plans to reduce the number of foreign workers to 1.5 million in three years. MCA president Datuk Seri Dr Chua Soi Lek had recently called for the government to conduct a comprehensive study of the countrys dependence on foreign labour. Dr Chua noted that the countrys local labour force was not sufficient to maintain local industries despite the governments ambitious plans for a high-income economy under the New Economic Model. Hence, the strategy of government to reduce Malaysian dependency on foreign workers will be done after a long run. As long as there is unlimited supply of foreign workers, employer will continue rely on them to their advantage. 2.4 ADMISSION OF FOREIGN WORKER IN MALAYSIA Certain criteria and process have to be observed by foreign workers for entry into Malaysia. Started from 1 August 2005, application for foreign worker is submitted to a One-Stop Centre located in the Immigration Department of Malaysia. There are two types of migrants in Malaysia that is temporary migrants and permanent migrants. For those foreign workers that come into Malaysia in a specified period with single entry visa from Malaysia Embassy abroad, they are considered as temporary migrants. Initially, foreign worker is allowed to work for 3 years only and upon application be extended from year to year to the fifth year. For extension after fifth year, employer must obtain declaration from National Vocational Training Council (NVTC) or Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) that the particular worker is a skilled worker. Basically, foreign workers are recruited to act as construction workers in the construction industry and work predominantly on construction sites and are typically engaged in aspects of the industry other than design or finance (Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia). The job application of foreign workers includes bricklayer, carpenter, concrete finisher, fencer, labourer and etc. Foreign worker who wish to extend working period in Malaysia must obtain either Malaysian Skills Certificate level I II or Skilled Workers Certification from NVTC or Skills Proficiency Certificate or Skilled Foreign Workers Certification from CIDB. 2.5 REASONS CAUSE THE INFLOW OF FOREIGN WORKER TO MALAYSIA There are several factors that attract foreign workers to work in Malaysia. First and foremost, Malaysia is attractive to foreign workers because of its better economic performance and prospective. Most of the foreign workers are come from our neighbouring countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam. It is a reality that the standard of life quality over their hometowns is much lower in Malaysia. In such countries, the populations are much higher with limited job opportunities. The respective country where foreign workers come from is still under developing and some of them live in poverty. Due to greater industrialised and improvement of economy in Malaysia, there has been a massive rural-urban migration drift, which in turn lead to a serious shortage of workers. Hence, foreign worker was attracted to work in Malaysia. As a multi- lingua and cultural country, the multi-ethic people in Malaysia mainly from Malays, Chinese and Indians can live together in a harmony lifestyle. This is the second pull factor to foreign workers to work in Malaysia as they feel that Malaysian are helpful, kind, friendly, cooperative and tolerate. Different with other country, the political and economic stability in Malaysia is also one of the factors tempting the inflow of foreign workers. As we all know, the policy regarding to foreign workers in Malaysia is fair and liberal, the country choose by foreign workers due to its pleasant moderate climate, open and liberal atmosphere. For foreign workers, Malaysia is heaven for them to work along with. Malaysia holds a better prospect for future of foreign labour because it is a fast developing and progressive nation. According to A. Namukundam (2002), the accelerated economic development programmes and the sustained high economics growth rates in Malaysia caused the influx of foreign workers to meet the increasing demand in Malaysia labour market. The demand for foreign labour is increase continuously in tandem with economic progress. 2.6 ELEMENTS THAT CAUSE THE EMPLOYMENT OF FOREIGN WORKER IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY It is too broad to identify each of the reason that responsible for the incoming foreign worker in construction industry. Among the reasons of the local construction industry to employ foreign worker in construction industry are as below: 2.6.1 Shortage of workers especially in the 3D jobs (dangerous, dirty and difficult) In the point of view of local citizen, they consider and known construction job as 3Ds job. The first D refers to dirty, secondly is dangerous and last is difficult demeaning. For Malaysian, they normally prefer easier job. Job offer from construction except with professional knowledge and skill are becoming unpopular among the working population. Basically, foreign worker is place in lower end and heavier kind of job. There are only few participants of local people to be involved in construction sector. When given a choice, locals prefer to work under comfortable environment such as white collar work rather than work under the unstable weather. In this era of technology and industrialization, the job such as site supervisors, contractors, foreman, or general worker been regarded as tough and risk-prone. This is because the construction project will not limited in landed property, somehow, high rise property might be construct. Thus, in the mind of locals, construction work place is much more dangerous and accident rate is higher over site when compare to other industry. The working condition in construction industry also poor compare to other job scope such as in service sector and manufacturing sector. The construction industry does not provide a good image in front of locals. The poor image of construction industry include absence of job security, lack of management, lack of opportunities for career advancement has make local citizen decline to join the construction line. Foreign workers offer cheaper wages For employers in construction industry, they are allow to recruit foreign worker once they proof that effort have been done to recruit local but they are fail at last. As long as the foreign labour is allow entering and work in Malaysia, the employers can easily bring them to fill up the job deficiency in construction sector. It is obvious that employer can select their workers amongst locals or foreigners. Be realistically, most of the employers are cost-conscious. MTUC president Zainal Rampak stated that employers were more inclined to hire foreign worker who were prepared to accept low wages. Foreign worker offer much lower wages compared to locals. Beside than inexpensive, the foreign workers also possess some basic skill in construction and will work in accordance with discipline and working hard. Therefore, most of the employers in construction industry will have preference on foreign worker. Foreign workers willing to work for longer hours Foreign workers are the one who will accept both cheaper wages and worse term and conditions of employment, as their purpose is earn much money in shorter time frame. From the opinion of employer, the newly arrival labour willing to accept lower wages and less attractive work conditions (Michael, 2001). They being paid lower even they perform the same job as locals do. Sometimes they even perform longer hours of working time than local without blaming on it. Addition, Local Authorities Employees Association Chairman Abdul Rahman Mahad added that besides getting cheaper labour from foreign workers, employers also hired such workers as they were ready to work longer hours (The Star, 05 August 2004). According to Tey (1997), it is believed that they are no real shortages but employers prefer aliens especially illegal ones because they can easily be exploited as they have no resource to justice in front of law. As a conclusion, the employers who willing to recruit foreign labour were interested in lower wages and the hardworking character of foreign workers. Foreign worker easy to recruit There are only minimum requirement to be fulfil by foreign worker to take part in Malaysia construction industrys job. For foreign worker, only those who have passed the Induction Course and recognised by NVTC will be allowed to be brought into Malaysia. The Foreign Workers Orientation Course in Malaysia is a course that compulsory for all foreign workers brought in between 1/1/2004 and to date (M. Vivekanandan, 2008). After gone through the course, employer must ensure that foreign labour is insured with an insurance company appointed to the panel of Foreign Workers Compensation Insurance Scheme (SPPA) which under Workmen Compensation Act 1952. For requiring of additional foreign labour, the employers need Certificate of Registration of Foreign Worker under section 60K of EA 1955. After all the cost included had been paid by the employer and the foreign worker is allow to work in Malaysia with condition that he must pass the test on FOMEMA by registered clinic. Friends or relatives work in construction industry Aside from recruiting of foreign workers through Agent Company, there are some of the companies employing them through introduce of existing foreign workers at construction site. Some of the foreign workers being employ to Malaysia because of the relationship between relatives and friend. The working condition in their hometown is limited with job vacancies. Most of the foreign workers working in Malaysia with the reason to reunion with his family and meet their friends because mostly from them choose to work in other place such as Malaysia rather than stay in their hometown. This subsequently made the other foreign workers to choose Malaysia as the place they hope to go and work. Apart from that, local construction industry willing to employ them because they can save on the introducers fee and at the same time, they can recruit a well behaved foreign workers because the existing recognise relationship such as friends or relatives. Plentiful job vacancies on site Although in the opinion of locals that the wages paid off by construction industry in Malaysia is considered as low and insufficient, it is in the viewpoint of foreign that the basic salary that they gain in working in Malaysia is high. Due to greater industrialisation, urbanisation of economy and higher education levels, the general youth in Malaysia community always complain and dissatisfied with the income if they work in construction sector. For locals, they will only take part and work in construction sector if they are recruiting as project manager, site engineers, architects and so on who earn higher income. This situation creates a lot of job vacancies on site, foreign workers has been recruited to fill the empty space. From site coordinator, carpenter, ceiling worker, bar bender, roofer, plasterer to plumber, aluminium worker and painter, the job availability in construction sector is wide and many. All of jobs mentions above are always available in every project construction site which offers moderate wages and opportunities to foreign workers compared to jobs in their homeland. 2.7 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Construction industry is a sort of service- industry that form real things like residential building, industrial facilities, infrastructure facilities and national land development (Kim, Hee Jin, 2002). This industry is comprised of a multitude of occupations, professions and organizations (Wong and Fung, 1999; Kanji and Wong, 1998; Sommerville, 1994). The complicated nature of operation has brought numerous of problem to construction industry. In construction industry, it comprises various parties such as architect, construction engineer, design engineer, project manager, construction manager, contractors, sub-contractors and also general workers. They are involved in the different phases of a construction project, which, include: feasibility, development, finance, concept development and review, estimate, detailed engineering, procurement, construction and start-up (Schultzel and Unruh, 1996). When either one of the party involved do not have co-operation or do something out of ord er, this will normally bring to project failure. Unlike the others industry such as manufacturing, the members of construction players usually change with each project. When different team meet together in one brand new project, their idea will be different and hence the product of construction industry is always unique and seldom mass produce. 2.8 QUALITY IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY According to Hart, 1994, the term quality has a three-fold meaning in construction. Quality means getting the job done on time, ensuring that the basic characteristics of the final project fall within the required specifications and lastly it means getting the job done within budget. To achieve acceptable levels of quality, a project must be included three aspect that is time, satisfaction and cost. The quality of building will be affected when either one of it did not be fulfil. When the project of construction industry has inefficient quality levels, it will reflect to great expenditures of time, cost and resource in order to make up the shortcomings. Actually, the project quality is directly associated with conformance to specifications and fitness for use. Similar to other business activities and sectors, construction industry also has a lot of competitors. The construction industry neither faced aggressive competition at the regional level nor in international level. Therefore, it has to impose higher quality levels to ensure their position in the emerging international market. 2.8.1 Quality of workmanship The construction industry is being viewed as one with poor quality emphasis compared to other sectors like the manufacturing and service sectors (Kubal, 1994; Kanji and Wong, 1998; Wong and Fung, 1999). One of the criticisms directed to the quality of building is shoddy workmanship. The quality, cost and timely delivery of products in the construction industry very much depends on workmanship (The Hindu, 2006). Quality of workmanship can be measure through workers effectiveness and efficiency. The skill, experience and personal ability of the workmen go a long way in determine their quality of workmanship (COBRA, 2009). The workmanship refer to skill of workers on site during the time to processes, the peoples supervise, the materials, the product and etc. Workmanship is skill in an occupation or trade of different workmen based on their training or profession (Adetayo, 1995). Workmen according to Ogunmakin (2005) is the most important factor of production since it is the only factor that creates value and sets the general level of productivity. Workmen on site normally comprise of foreign workers, contractors, main craftsmen, apprentices of various trades and so on. The quality of workmanship produce by these workers is important because it is a main factor to produce quality building. Normally, foreign workers performing all kinds of labour work that does not require specify training. According to Ogunsemi, 2002, poor quality of workmanship makes it difficult or impossible for workers to perceive and apply the concepts of quality control and limits of tolerance for building production thereby, resulting in poor construction which may finally lead to building collapse. Quality of workmanship should be take note especially on the skill of foreign workers. 2.8.2 Quality of building materials Building materials are various substance or items that form the basic components of various elements of a building (COBRA, 2009). Two types of building materials can be found in construction industry that is natural occurring and mixture. Both of the building materials are prepare in adequate proportion to suit the purpose it is intended. Along the way in building construction, materials of varying shapes, sizes and amount are extensively used. The primary building materials on site are cement, sand, aggregate (of various classes), iron rods, water and timber (hard or soft wood) which is widely use in foundation works and structure works. These are referred to as star materials (Odulami, 2002) and they are usually mixed together to give different components and elements found in the erection of any building structures (COBRA, 2009). For a building with good quality, the materials used must be of some specific ultimate strength, which have been tested and certified to established its quality such as quality control (QC), quality assurance (QA) and quality level (QL). Aside of primary building materials, glass, aluminium, ceramics and etc. is secondary importance and have wide application in construction industry. Refer to Bolaji, 2002, due care must be taken in the selection of materials either primary or secondary where improved building techniques are a necessity because both of the materials are not separable. It is on record that, good building techniques are enhanced by building materials of good quality (Adebayo, 2000). If the building materials are not properly handed or stored, they may be seriously vulnerable and effects to quality of building. Before any material should be incorporated into building works, the issue of confirmation of quality of building materials must be taking serious. This is essential to avoid situations where majority of buildings fail in meeting safety obligations to the general public which may finally result into building collapse. COMPONENTS OF BUILDING Building failure occurs when there is a defect in one or more elements of the building which caused by inability of the material making up the components or incapability of workmanship. This further lead to impacts such as the building elements fall to perform its original function effectively and if seriously will lead to building collapse at last. A research was carried out by Bamidele (2000) and in Fadamiro (2002) , the causes of buiding collapse may be cause from natural disaster, design error, poor materials and workmanship, procedure error and poor maintenance. Every kind of building has a lifespan and all components and elements put together to make it functional are expected to sustain this lifespan (Odulami, 2002). Roofing The roof system functions as the primary sheltering element for the interior spaces of a building. Its form and construction should control the flow of water, air, heat and cold. A roof system must be structured to span across space and carry both its own weight and live loads such as wind. Roof system are the primary gravity loads for a building and its structural layout must correspond to the wall and column systems through which its loads are transferred down to the foundation system. Flooring Floor systems are the buildings primary horizontal planes which must support live loads people, furnishings and movable equipment and dead loads- the weight of the floor construction itself. Floor systems must transfer their loads horizontally across space to either beams or columns or to bearing walls. A floor systems edge conditions and connections to supporting foundation and wall systems affect both a buildings structural integrity and its physical appearance. Floor system must safely support the moving loads. Hence, it should be relatively stiff while maintaining its elasticity. Except for exterior decks, a building floor is normally not exposed to weather. Since they are all support traffic, however, durability, resistance to wear, and maintenance requirements are the factors to consider in the selections of a floor finish and the system required t support them. Wall Systems Wall systems are the vertical planes of a building which define and enclose its interior spaces. They may be bearing walls of homogeneous or composite construction, or they may be constructed of linear columns and beams with non-structural panels filing between them. How these walls and columns support floor and roof systems above, and how they are supported in tun by wall and foundation systems below, are determined by the structural capability of these systems qand the types of materials and connections used. Walls can also serve as shear planes which are designed to resists lateral winds and earthquake forces. Exterior walls serve as a protective shield against the weather for a buildings interior spaces and control the passage of heat and cold, air, moisture and water vapour, which also resistant to the weathering effects of sun, wind and rain. The interior walls which subdivide the space within a buiding may be either non-structural or load-bearing. Their construction should be able to support the desired finish materials. Doors and windows Doors provide access into a buildings interior from the exterior and passage between interior spaces. Exterior doors should provide weather tight seals when close and maintain the approximate insulation value of the buildings exterior walls. At the same time, the doorways should be large enough to move through easily and accommodate the moving of furnishings and equipment. Door performance include ease of operation, requirements for privacy and security, and any need for light, ventilation, and view. There are many types and sizes of windows, the choice of which affects not only the physical appearance of a building, but also the natural lighting, ventilations, view potential, and spatial quality of the buildings interior. As with exterior doors, windows should provide a weather tights seal when closed, have insulation valve, and resists the formation of condensation on their interior surfaces. Door and window units are normally factory- build, manufacturers may have standard sizes and corresponding rough-opening requirements for the various door and window types. From the exterior point of view, doors and windows are important elements in a buildings facades. The manner in which they break up a buildings surfaces affects the massing, visual weight, scale and articulation of the building form. Finish work There are severals materials and methods used to finish a buidings exterior and interior surfaces. Exterior wall surfaces should be durable and weather-resistant. Interior walls should be wear-resistant and cleanable. Floors should be durable and safe to walk on while ceilings should be relatively maintenance free. Additional factors to consider include a finish materials fire resistance, and thermal insulation value. Surface finishes have a critical influence on the aesthetic qualities of space. In the selection use of a finish material, the colour, texture, pattern and the way it meets and joins with other materials should be considered. WAY TO DIMINISH THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS THAT BRING BY INVOLVEMENT OF FOREIGN LABOUR In the past, there is always a prediction that the demand for foreign worker is going to be rise in the coming future in construction industry. To date, it is already a truth that the inflow of foreign worker into our country has achieve a high rate and the government or the private sector have the responsible to construct strategies to stop the inflow of new foreign worker and decrease the dependency on them. Several ways has been formulated by the authority governing the industry with the assistant of construction associations to overcome the problems faced by local construction company and developer firm when dealing with the issue of foreign workers. Government tighten hiring rules of foreign labour It is a true where Malaysia industries is bringing more foreign worker than needed in the country and the government has to plug loopholes that cause the oversupply. Drastic measurements has adopted by the government and for most recently topic is the amnesty programme that done by government to repatriate the immigrant workers especially illegal immigrants. As we all know, the foreign workers were needed to fill the shortage of local supply but it is not a long term measure to enable employers to cut cost. Hence, s

Frederick Jackson Turner’s Reliance on the Myth of an Unoccupied Americ

The Frontier Thesis has been very influential in people’s understanding of American values, government and culture until fairly recently. Frederick Jackson Turner outlines the frontier thesis in his essay â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History†. He argues that expansion of society at the frontier is what explains America’s individuality and ruggedness. Furthermore, he argues that the communitarian values experienced on the frontier carry over to America’s unique perspective on democracy. This idea has been pervasive in studies of American History until fairly recently when it has come under scrutiny for numerous reasons. In his essay â€Å"The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature†, William Cronon argues that many scholars, Turner included, fall victim to the false notion that a pristine, untouched wilderness existed before European intervention. Turner’s argument does indeed rely on the ide a of pristine wilderness, especially because he fails to notice the serious impact that Native Americans had on the landscape of the Americas before Europeans set foot in America. Turner fails to realize the extent to which Native Americans existed in the ‘Wilderness’ of the Americas before the frontier began to advance. Turner’s thesis relies on the idea that â€Å"easterners †¦ in moving to the wild unsettled lands of the frontier, shed the trappings of civilization †¦ and by reinfused themselves with a vigor, an independence, and a creativity that the source of American democracy and national character.† (Cronon) While this idea seems like a satisfying theory of why Americans are unique, it relies on the notion that the Frontier was â€Å"an area of free land,† which is not the case, undermining the the... ...icans lived in and tamed the land around them millennia before European settlers arrived. Works Cited Cronon, William â€Å"The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature† ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1995, 69-90 Denevan, William M. "The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492." The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the. Northern Arizona University, Web. 25 Mar. 2014. Krech, Shepard. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W.W. Norton &, 1999. Print. Solnit, Rebecca. "Spectators." Savage Dreams: A Journey into the Hidden Wars of the American West. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1994. 228-47. Print. Turner, Frederick Jackson. "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," Learner: Primary Sources. Annenberg Learner, Web. 25 Mar. 2014.